从前开发一个互联网服务程序,大概可以在一台机器上完成:数据库、应用都在一起。随着业务发展壮大,会把数据库独立出来,以便扩展拆分。然后再把一部分公用业务独立出来扩展,譬如文件存储、缓存等。接着业务也才拆分,比如会员、商品。微服务大行其道,各个团队维护着许多服务、API。这么多服务,前端业务逻辑该怎么接入呢?
如今单一的前端UI也可能是多个团队共同开发的结果。当你在本地开发一个小功能时,甚至会牵扯到多个前端UI/后端API。一个前端页面除了加载自己的资源外,还加载V2/V3的API(为什么会同时存在V1/V2/V3的API),甚至嵌入了另外一个页面(React看起来也不错),该怎么调试这种混合开发呢?cookie都传递不过去,好吧,使用JWT代替,再设置一下跨源资源共享(CORS)。。。但是那些旧的应用怎么办?
当我们启动一个Node.js应用时npm run start,默认监听3000端口。当然我们也可以让它监听80端口。但是当我们多开几个应用时,只好让它们都监听不同端口了,怎么样才能统一端口监听呢?当然Node.js可以通过诸如node-http-proxy来转发这些请求,但是代理转发跟应用业务无关吧?如果是其他编程语言呢?都重复这些代理配置/开发吗?Don’t Repeat Yourself。
Faas也日渐流行,比如AWS Lambda, 强调仅仅专注某个功能,根据事件驱动进行计算,那么每个服务也要开发一整套路由分发/认证/日志吗?
这些问题可以使用反向代理来解决,提供统一的服务入口,对前端/客户端隐藏背后的细节,最简单的当然是Nginx。Nginx监听来自某个端口(比如80)的请求,然后根据不同的来源/端口/域名/url分发给不同的后端服务器。这看起来跟云服务厂商各自开发的负载均衡器差不多,比如AWS ELB。
在本地开发的时候,我们当然不会使用ELB来解决。直接使用Nginx当然也没啥问题,编辑一下配置文件,重启应用。但是如果有个UI就更好了,如果还有API就非常好了-这样就能方便的在线注册/更改路由而不需要重启服务器,在这个快速发展、弹性开发的年代更需要这个能力。
Kong是一个基于OpenResty的网关服务器,可以进行路由(转发/负载),插件(日志/认证/监控)管理,并提供RESTful API。而OpenResty 是一个基于Nginx与Lua的高性能Web平台,使用Lua来构建动态网关。听起来像是在Nginx上面编程,这跟在Apache上面使用PHP模块进行编程有什么区别?最大的区别在于,这里的编程对象是Nginx(或者公共模块),扩展Nginx能力,比如负载均衡/日志/认证/监控,而不是输出web页面/业务逻辑。这些东西抽出来以后,就不需要每个模块再重复开发了,比如认证/安全。
在本地可以使用docker来运行Kong服务,麻烦在于数据库迁移工作。通常部署Kong需要几个步骤,比如初始化数据库,迁移升级等等。网上的配置大都过时了,这里可以使用官方提供docker-compose.yml来做数据库工作,并且使用Konga作为管理UI
➜ kong ls POSTGRES_PASSWORD data docker-compose.yml ➜ kong ls data postgresql ➜ kong cat POSTGRES_PASSWORD kong ➜ kong cat docker-compose.yml version: '3.7' volumes: kong_data: {} networks: kong-net: external: false services: kong-migrations: image: "${KONG_DOCKER_TAG:-kong:latest}" command: kong migrations bootstrap depends_on: - db environment: KONG_DATABASE: postgres KONG_PG_DATABASE: ${KONG_PG_DATABASE:-kong} KONG_PG_HOST: db KONG_PG_USER: ${KONG_PG_USER:-kong} KONG_PG_PASSWORD_FILE: /run/secrets/kong_postgres_password secrets: - kong_postgres_password networks: - kong-net restart: on-failure deploy: restart_policy: condition: on-failure kong-migrations-up: image: "${KONG_DOCKER_TAG:-kong:latest}" command: kong migrations up && kong migrations finish depends_on: - db environment: KONG_DATABASE: postgres KONG_PG_DATABASE: ${KONG_PG_DATABASE:-kong} KONG_PG_HOST: db KONG_PG_USER: ${KONG_PG_USER:-kong} KONG_PG_PASSWORD_FILE: /run/secrets/kong_postgres_password secrets: - kong_postgres_password networks: - kong-net restart: on-failure deploy: restart_policy: condition: on-failure kong: image: "${KONG_DOCKER_TAG:-kong:latest}" user: "${KONG_USER:-kong}" depends_on: - db environment: KONG_ADMIN_ACCESS_LOG: /dev/stdout KONG_ADMIN_ERROR_LOG: /dev/stderr KONG_ADMIN_LISTEN: '0.0.0.0:8001' KONG_CASSANDRA_CONTACT_POINTS: db KONG_DATABASE: postgres KONG_PG_DATABASE: ${KONG_PG_DATABASE:-kong} KONG_PG_HOST: db KONG_PG_USER: ${KONG_PG_USER:-kong} KONG_PROXY_ACCESS_LOG: /dev/stdout KONG_PROXY_ERROR_LOG: /dev/stderr KONG_PG_PASSWORD_FILE: /run/secrets/kong_postgres_password secrets: - kong_postgres_password networks: - kong-net ports: - "8000:8000/tcp" - "127.0.0.1:8001:8001/tcp" - "8443:8443/tcp" - "127.0.0.1:8444:8444/tcp" healthcheck: test: ["CMD", "kong", "health"] interval: 10s timeout: 10s retries: 10 restart: on-failure deploy: restart_policy: condition: on-failure db: image: postgres:9.5 environment: POSTGRES_DB: ${KONG_PG_DATABASE:-kong} POSTGRES_USER: ${KONG_PG_USER:-kong} POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE: /run/secrets/kong_postgres_password secrets: - kong_postgres_password healthcheck: test: ["CMD", "pg_isready", "-U", "${KONG_PG_USER:-kong}"] interval: 30s timeout: 30s retries: 3 restart: on-failure deploy: restart_policy: condition: on-failure stdin_open: true tty: true networks: - kong-net volumes: - /Users/xxxx/docker/kong/data/postgresql:/var/lib/postgresql/data konga: image: pantsel/konga environment: TOKEN_SECRET: channing.token DB_ADAPTER: postgres DB_HOST: db DB_USER: ${KONG_PG_USER:-kong} DB_PASSWORD: kong DB_DATABASE: ${KONG_PG_DATABASE:-kong} ports: - 1337:1337 networks: - kong-net depends_on: - db secrets: kong_postgres_password: file: ./POSTGRES_PASSWORD
运行docker-composer up就可以看到
➜ kong docker ps CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 20ebe7885c0d kong:latest "/docker-entrypoint.…" 2 hours ago Up 11 seconds (healthy) 0.0.0.0:8000->8000/tcp, 127.0.0.1:8001->8001/tcp, 0.0.0.0:8443->8443/tcp, 127.0.0.1:8444->8444/tcp kong_kong_1 4a7a39c863ae pantsel/konga "/app/start.sh" 2 hours ago Up 11 seconds 0.0.0.0:1337->1337/tcp kong_konga_1 aa732758fc51 postgres:9.5 "docker-entrypoint.s…" 2 hours ago Up 11 seconds (health: starting) 5432/tcp kong_db_1
访问http://127.0.0.1:1337/即可以进入Konga 管理界面了。8000/8443端口是需要监听转发的端口,8001/8444则是Kong RESTFUl管理API的端口。这里也可以把8000/8443改为80/443,这样访问的时候就可以直接使用域名/localhost而不必加端口了。
注册登录进去后首先要添加Kong RESTFUl管理API的地址,这里使用的是docker环境,IP是动态分配的,所以使用链接名就可以了
连接上Kong API后可以看到dashboard列出了支持的插件
Kong里面的管理对象是service,路由转发/插件都是围绕service展开的,添加一个service
在它上面添加一个路由,这里我们在服务只监听以/api开头的url,并转发到后端服务器去
注意这里在route里面的path里面也需要添加/api,否则转发的时候会出错(多拼api)。最简单就是service监听不指定path,在route里指定。一个service下面可以有多个转发路由,每个可以独立管理、设置超时等。
还可以为每个service绑定不同的插件进行处理,比如认证/安全/日志等等,这样就不用在不同的系统里面重复开发这些功能,使得各个团队更加专注也本业务开发
有效插件还可以进行流量限制、请求头/响应头修改等等。这些插件的功能需要基于consumer来开发管理,功能可以非常强大,详细可以参考文档。
Kong还有一项功能Upstream配置,与Nginx的ngx_http_upstream_module差不多,可以作为负载均衡、流量分发控制使用。可以用命令行测试基于hostname的路由,
➜ kong curl -i -X GET \ --url http://localhost:8000/ \ --header 'Host: dev1.example.com' HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found Date: Tue, 27 Oct 2020 08:41:58 GMT Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8 Connection: keep-alive Content-Length: 48 X-Kong-Response-Latency: 1 Server: kong/2.1.4 {"message":"no Route matched with those values"} ➜ kong curl -i -X GET \ --url http://localhost:8000/ \ --header 'Host: dev.example.com' HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 Transfer-Encoding: chunked Connection: keep-alive Date: Tue, 27 Oct 2020 08:42:21 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.15 (CentOS) X-Powered-By: PHP/5.6.40 Set-Cookie: PHPSESSID=0uc3aoc735j21sk3ni5s72vjc1; path=/ Expires: Thu, 19 Nov 1981 08:52:00 GMT Cache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate, post-check=0, pre-check=0 Pragma: no-cache Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true Access-Control-Allow-Methods: POST, GET, OPTIONS, PUT, DELETE Access-Control-Allow-Headers: X-CSRF-Token,Authorization,X-Accept-Charset,X-Accept,Content-Type X-Kong-Upstream-Latency: 8397 X-Kong-Proxy-Latency: 0 Via: kong/2.1.4 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> ...
作为一个API网关,Kong能做的很多。如果只是在本地简单的做反向代理,可以使用nginx-proxy-manager,这也是一个基于Nginx开发的网关,根据WEB UI动态生成Nginx配置文件,然后执行/usr/sbin/nginx -s reload生效。有些参数不能通过UI配置(比如超时设置),可以直接写Nginx配置,upstream则支持直接转发tcp请求,支持websockets代理转发,甚至集成了Let’s encrypt自动申请SSL证书(需要验证域名)
本地同样可以使用docker跑起来,默认监听80/443端口,81端口即管理界面
➜ nginx-proxy-manager ls -lah total 16 drwxr-xr-x 6 xxxx domain users 192B Sep 29 10:24 . drwxr-xr-x 15 xxxx domain users 480B Sep 29 09:15 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 xxxx domain users 2.3K Sep 29 09:42 config.json drwxr-xr-x 8 xxxx domain users 256B Sep 29 09:31 data -rw-r--r-- 1 xxxx domain users 740B Sep 29 10:24 docker-compose.yml drwxr-xr-x 3 xxxx domain users 96B Oct 27 16:38 letsencrypt ➜ nginx-proxy-manager cat docker-compose.yml version: "3" services: app: image: 'jc21/nginx-proxy-manager:latest' restart: always ports: # Public HTTP Port: - '80:80' # Public HTTPS Port: - '443:443' # Admin Web Port: - '81:81' # TCP Forward Example: - '8022:8022' volumes: # Make sure this config.json file exists as per instructions above: - ./config.json:/app/config/production.json - ./data:/data - ./letsencrypt:/etc/letsencrypt depends_on: - db db: image: jc21/mariadb-aria restart: always environment: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: 'npm' MYSQL_DATABASE: 'npm' MYSQL_USER: 'npm' MYSQL_PASSWORD: 'npm' volumes: - ./data/mysql:/var/lib/mysql ➜ nginx-proxy-manager docker ps CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 3dd58e9cff1f jc21/nginx-proxy-manager:latest "/init" 4 weeks ago Up 7 days (healthy) 0.0.0.0:80-81->80-81/tcp, 0.0.0.0:443->443/tcp, 0.0.0.0:8022->8022/tcp nginx-proxy-manager_app_1 a033151b28ed jc21/mariadb-aria "/scripts/run.sh" 4 weeks ago Up 7 days 3306/tcp nginx-proxy-manager_db_1
nginx-proxy-manager会将配置写在data目录下面,可以直接编辑这些文件,Nginx reload之后便会生效,可以看到这些文件,具体的加载规则参考文档
➜ nginx-proxy-manager ls data/nginx dead_host default_host default_www dummycert.pem dummykey.pem proxy_host redirection_host stream temp ➜ nginx-proxy-manager cat data/nginx/proxy_host/1.conf # ------------------------------------------------------------ # dev.example.com # ------------------------------------------------------------ server { set $forward_scheme http; set $server "192.168.33.14"; set $port 80; listen 80; listen [::]:80; server_name dev.example.com; access_log /data/logs/proxy_host-1.log proxy; proxy_connect_timeout 600; proxy_send_timeout 600; proxy_read_timeout 600; send_timeout 600; location /Login { proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Scheme $scheme; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr; proxy_pass https://login.example.com:443; } location /api/v2 { proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Scheme $scheme; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr; proxy_pass http://192.168.33.14:9070; } location /api/v3 { proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Scheme $scheme; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr; proxy_pass https://dev.ops.example.com:443; } location /Chat { proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Scheme $scheme; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr; proxy_pass https://dev.ops.example.com:443; } location /Catalog { proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Scheme $scheme; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr; proxy_pass http://192.168.33.1:3000; } location /static { proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Scheme $scheme; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr; proxy_pass http://192.168.33.1:3000; } location /css { proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Scheme $scheme; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr; proxy_pass http://192.168.33.1:3000; } location / { # Proxy! include conf.d/include/proxy.conf; } # Custom include /data/nginx/custom/server_proxy[.]conf; } ➜ nginx-proxy-manager cat data/nginx/stream/1.conf # ------------------------------------------------------------ # 8022 TCP: 1 UDP: 0 # ------------------------------------------------------------ server { listen 8022; listen [::]:8022; proxy_pass 192.168.33.14:22; # Custom include /data/nginx/custom/server_stream[.]conf; include /data/nginx/custom/server_stream_tcp[.]conf; }
在docker-compose.yml里面设置一下upstream监听转发的端口,就可以通过8022端口访问192.168.33.14的22端口了
➜ nginx-proxy-manager telnet 127.0.0.1 8022 Trying 127.0.0.1... Connected to localhost. Escape character is '^]'. SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_5.3 ^C^C^C^C^C^C^CConnection closed by foreign host.
不论是Kong还是nginx-proxy-manager均有提供API,极大的增强服务网关的可编程性,为动态上线/弹性扩展/自动化运维提供了便利。
参考链接:
从IaaS到FaaS—— Serverless架构的前世今生
聊一聊微服务网关 Kong
KONG网关 — KongA管理UI使用
云原生架构下的 API 网关实践: Kong (二)
微服务 API 网关 -Kong 详解
Creating a web API with Lua using Nginx OpenResty
Nginx基于TCP/UDP端口的四层负载均衡(stream模块)配置梳理
Nginx支持TCP代理和负载均衡-stream模块
聊聊 API Gateway 和 Netflix Zuul
Envoy 是什么?