分类目录归档:nginx

PHP C扩展框架Phalcon

Phalcon是一个C语言写的高性能PHP框架,相比PHP写的框架,它作为PHP的扩展在进程开启时便加载了,节省了每一次请求时的类库加载、MVC框架分派的开销。前面提到的使用Zephir来开发PHP扩展也是这个项目贡献的。
在CentOS 上安装Phalcon,因为之前安装过zephire了,所以直接下载cphalcon来编译安装就可以了,可以参照这里安装所需其他lib

git clone --depth=1 git://github.com/phalcon/cphalcon.git
cd cphalcon/build/
sudo ./install

sudo vim /etc/php.d/phalcon.ini

创建phalcon.ini增加以下内容

[phalcon]
extension=phalcon.so

这里单独把phalcon.ini单独配置,是因为Phalcon扩展加载要在PDO扩展之后,而我的PDO也是单独配置的。如果不是的话会提示这个错误:

$ php -m | grep phalcon
PHP Warning:  PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library '/usr/lib64/php/modules/phalcon.so' - /usr/lib64/php/modules/phalcon.so: undefined symbol: php_pdo_get_dbh_ce in Unknown on line 0

Zend Framwork类似,Phalcon也提供开发工具用于快速生成项目骨架

git clone https://github.com/phalcon/phalcon-devtools.git
cd phalcon-devtools
./phalcon.sh
sudo ln -s ~/phalcon-devtools/phalcon.php /usr/bin/phalcon
sudo chmod ugo+x /usr/bin/phalcon

phalcon commands

注意,这个开发工具也是需要依赖Phalcon扩展的,否则会提示

$ phalcon command
PHP Fatal error:  Class 'Phalcon\Script' not found in /home/vagrant/phalcon-devtools/phalcon.php on line 40
PHP Stack trace:
PHP   1. {main}() /home/vagrant/phalcon-devtools/phalcon.php:0

生成一个测试项目store

phalcon scaffold store

按照官方的Nginx说明配置

server {

    listen   8005;
    server_name store.localhost;

    index index.php index.html index.htm;
    set $root_path '/usr/share/nginx/html/tutorial/store/public';
    root $root_path;

    try_files $uri $uri/ @rewrite;

    location @rewrite {
        rewrite ^/(.*)$ /index.php?_url=/$1;
    }

    location ~ \.php {
        fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/php5-fpm.sock;
        fastcgi_index /index.php;

        include fastcgi.conf;

        fastcgi_split_path_info       ^(.+\.php)(/.+)$;
        fastcgi_param PATH_INFO       $fastcgi_path_info;
        fastcgi_param PATH_TRANSLATED $document_root$fastcgi_path_info;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
    }

    location ~* ^/(css|img|js|flv|swf|download)/(.+)$ {
        root $root_path;
    }

    location ~ /\.ht {
        deny all;
    }
}

访问一下192.168.33.14:8005,提示:Access denied。。。查看Nginx错误日志

[root@vagrant nginx]# tail -n 20 error.log
2015/07/28 03:41:42 [error] 7343#0: *1 FastCGI sent in stderr: "Access to the script '/usr/share/nginx/html/tutorial/store/public' has been denied (see security.limit_extensions)" while reading response header from upstream, client: 192.168.33.1, server: store.localhost, request: "GET / HTTP/1.1", upstream: "fastcgi://unix:/tmp/php5-fpm.sock:", host: "192.168.33.14:8005"

一开始还以为是PHP-FPM配置security.limit_extensions引起的,后来发现这个这个参数默认就是注释掉的,没限制。 最后在这里找到答案:原来是之前安装Nginx时配置了:cgi.fix_pathinfo=0,将它改回1(默认值)就可以了。当这个参数为1时,会把 PATH_TRANSLATED 转换为 SCRIPT_FILENAME。当然把这个参数去掉也是可以的

        ;fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;

重启Nginx

sudo service nginx restart

与其他PHP框架一样,Phalcon 支持MVC应用开发,提供了诸多组件如,数据库,缓存,队列等。
Phalcon\DI 作为全局的服务管理,用于服务注册,比如数据库,缓存,文件等。将这些资源统一起来管理,以便其他地方可以调用,各个需要的地方不再需要是new 一个对象,解除耦合关系。
Phalcon\Events\Manager作为全局的事件管理,用于事件注册,触发,以便自定义消息通知,如数据库查询事件,初始化事件。
Phalcon还有一个比较有特色的地方支持注释解析: Phalcon\Annotations 。官方教程举例如何使用注释做输出缓存。首先在Dispatcher服务中注册一个监听dispactch事件的缓存插件

<?php

$di['dispatcher'] = function () {

    $eventsManager = new \Phalcon\Events\Manager();

    // 添加插件到dispatch事件中
    $eventsManager->attach('dispatch', new CacheEnablerPlugin());

    $dispatcher = new \Phalcon\Mvc\Dispatcher();
    $dispatcher->setEventsManager($eventsManager);
    return $dispatcher;
};

然后实现监听的缓存插件

<?php

/**
 * 为视图启动缓存,如果被执行的action带有@Cache 注释单元。
 *
 */
class CacheEnablerPlugin extends \Phalcon\Mvc\User\Plugin
{

    /**
     * 这个事件在dispatcher中的每个路由被执行前执行
     *
     */
    public function beforeExecuteRoute($event, $dispatcher)
    {

        // 解析目前访问的控制的方法的注释
        $annotations = $this->annotations->getMethod(
            $dispatcher->getActiveController(),
            $dispatcher->getActiveMethod()
        );

        // 检查是否方法中带有注释名称‘Cache’的注释单元
        if ($annotations->has('Cache')) {

            // 这个方法带有‘Cache’注释单元
            $annotation = $annotations->get('Cache');

            // 获取注释单元的‘lifetime’参数
            $lifetime = $annotation->getNamedParameter('lifetime');

            $options = array('lifetime' => $lifetime);

            // 检查注释单元中是否有用户定义的‘key’参数
            if ($annotation->hasNamedParameter('key')) {
                $options['key'] = $annotation->getNamedParameter('key');
            }

            // 为当前dispatcher访问的方法开启cache
            $this->view->cache($options);
        }

    }

}

现在就可以使用注释来进行缓存了

<?php

class NewsController extends \Phalcon\Mvc\Controller
{

    public function indexAction()
    {

    }

    /**
     * This is a comment
     *
     * @Cache(lifetime=86400)
     */
    public function showAllAction()
    {
        $this->view->article = Articles::find();
    }

    /**
     * This is a comment
     *
     * @Cache(key="my-key", lifetime=86400)
     */
    public function showAction($slug)
    {
        $this->view->article = Articles::findFirstByTitle($slug);
    }

}

为Action增加了缓存,但对Action的代码改动为0(无侵入)并且非常简洁。数据模型里面也可以使用注释来对字段进行处理

<?php

use Phalcon\Mvc\Model;

class Robots extends Model
{
    /**
     * @Primary
     * @Identity
     * @Column(type="integer", nullable=false)
     */
    public $id;

    /**
     * @Column(type="string", length=70, nullable=false)
     */
    public $name;

    /**
     * @Column(type="string", length=32, nullable=false)
     */
    public $type;

    /**
     * @Column(type="integer", nullable=false)
     */
    public $year;
}

路由解析也可以使用RouterAnnotations反射来实现

?php

/**
 * @RoutePrefix("/api/products")
 */
class ProductsController
{

    /**
     * @Get("/")
     */
    public function indexAction()
    {

    }

    /**
     * @Get("/edit/{id:[0-9]+}", name="edit-robot")
     */
    public function editAction($id)
    {

    }

    /**
     * @Route("/save", methods={"POST", "PUT"}, name="save-robot")
     */
    public function saveAction()
    {

    }

    /**
     * @Route("/delete/{id:[0-9]+}", methods="DELETE",
     *      conversors={id="MyConversors::checkId"})
     */
    public function deleteAction($id)
    {

    }

    public function infoAction($id)
    {

    }

}

是不是跟Java annotation有点像?之前介绍的PHPUnit,Zend Framework,还有Symfony 2 Doctrine 2已经在PHP层面上支持,使用ReflectionClass便可实现。
Phalcon也支持创建命令行应用,可以将PHP应用打包成Phar,直接运行,也可以结合命令行颜色进行输出。

参考链接:
Nginx 安装说明(Nginx Installation Notes)
Can’t upgrade to Phalcon 1.3.0
Nginx/PHP-FPM “Access denied.” error
Access denied (403) for PHP files with Nginx + PHP-FPM
Phalcon 开发工具(Phalcon Developer Tools)
IDE autocomplete for PhalconPHP
Annotations in PHP: They Exist
PHP Annotations Are a Horrible Idea
PHP CLI Colors – PHP Class Command Line Colors (bash)

CentOS上安装Nginx+PHP-FPM

Nginx是一个高性能、轻量级的HTTP服务器,占用内存少,稳定性高,也可做为反向代理服务器。Nginx采用事件驱动,在Linux操作系统下,Nginx使用epoll事件模型,充分使用异步逻辑,削减了上下文调度开销,并发服务能力更强。

PHP-FPM是PHP的FastCGI 进程管理器,具有一些高级特性,将PHP进程管理与Web服务器分开,可以分开部署在不同机器上,监听不同的端口和使用不同的 php.ini 配置文件。

PHP-FPM特性之一:fastcgi_finish_request能够在请求完成和刷新数据后,继续在后台执行耗时的工作(录入视频转换、统计处理等),达到分离执行后台任务而又不阻塞PHP快速响应,可作为PHP性能优化点。

PHP-FPM另一特性:可以记录请求当中慢响应的日志,类似Mysql满日志,包括文件名,函数名,行号等,可用于分析PHP的性能问题。

在Apache + mod_php下,每一个请求,Apache便会启动一个进程并加载php解释器来处理。在Nginx + PHP-FPM下,Nginx将PHP请求和环境变量通过socket传递给FastCGI进程;将静态资源请求则缓存到本地并返回。FastCGI 进程管理器采用固定静态(或动态)的子进程来处理请求,占用内存少,具有更好的扩展能力。

在CentOs 6.4上安装Nginx和PHP-FPM:

yum search nginx
sudo yum install nginx
sudo chkconfig --levels 235 nginx on
sudo service nginx start

yum search fpm
sudo yum install php54-fpm

编辑php.ini

sudo vim /etc/php.ini
; cgi.fix_pathinfo provides *real* PATH_INFO/PATH_TRANSLATED support for CGI.  PHP's
; previous behaviour was to set PATH_TRANSLATED to SCRIPT_FILENAME, and to not grok
; what PATH_INFO is.  For more information on PATH_INFO, see the cgi specs.  Setting
; this to 1 will cause PHP CGI to fix its paths to conform to the spec.  A setting
; of zero causes PHP to behave as before.  Default is 1.  You should fix your scripts
; to use SCRIPT_FILENAME rather than PATH_TRANSLATED.
; http://www.php.net/manual/en/ini.core.php#ini.cgi.fix-pathinfo
cgi.fix_pathinfo=0

启动PHP-FPM

chkconfig --levels 235 php-fpm on
service php-fpm start

更改Nginx worker_processes配置

sudo vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
worker_processes  4;

更改Nginx 配置以便处理php请求

sudo vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
server {
    listen       80 default_server;
    server_name  _;

    #charset koi8-r;

    #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

    # Load configuration files for the default server block.
    include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;

    location / {
        root   /usr/share/nginx/html;
        index  index.html index.htm;
    }

    error_page  404              /404.html;
    location = /404.html {
        root   /usr/share/nginx/html;
    }

    # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
    #
    error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
    location = /50x.html {
        root   /usr/share/nginx/html;
    }

    # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
    #
    #location ~ \.php$ {
    #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
    #}

    # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
    #
    location ~ \.php$ {
        root           /usr/share/nginx/html;
        #fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
        fastcgi_pass   unix:/tmp/php5-fpm.sock;
        fastcgi_index  index.php;
        fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
        include        fastcgi.conf;
    }

    # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
    # concurs with nginx's one
    #
    #location ~ /\.ht {
    #    deny  all;
    #}
}

编辑PHP-FPM

sudo vim /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf
; List of ipv4 addresses of FastCGI clients which are allowed to connect.
; Equivalent to the FCGI_WEB_SERVER_ADDRS environment variable in the original
; PHP FCGI (5.2.2+). Makes sense only with a tcp listening socket. Each address
; must be separated by a comma. If this value is left blank, connections will be
; accepted from any ip address.
; Default Value: any
;listen.allowed_clients = 127.0.0.1
listen = /tmp/php5-fpm.sock

; Set permissions for unix socket, if one is used. In Linux, read/write
; permissions must be set in order to allow connections from a web server. Many
; BSD-derived systems allow connections regardless of permissions.
; Default Values: user and group are set as the running user
;                 mode is set to 0660
listen.owner = nginx
listen.group = nginx
listen.mode = 0660

; Unix user/group of processes
; Note: The user is mandatory. If the group is not set, the default user's group
;	will be used.
; RPM: apache Choosed to be able to access some dir as httpd
user = nginx
; RPM: Keep a group allowed to write in log dir.
group = nginx

重启PHP-FPM

sudo service php-fpm restart

创建PHP页面

sudo vim /usr/share/nginx/html/info.php
<?php
phpinfo();

重启Nginx

sudo service nginx restart

测试PHP是否正确处理。
php-fpm

参考链接:
Nginx and PHP-FPM Configuration and Optimizing Tips and Tricks
nginx
FastCGI 进程管理器(FPM)
Apache + mod_php compared to Nginx + php-fpm
Which PHP mode? Apache vs CGI vs FastCGI
PHP: What are the advantages of FastCGI over mod_php?
What are the advantages of using PHP-FPM + Nginx over Apache and mod_php?
How To Install Nginx With PHP5 (And PHP-FPM) And MySQL Support On CentOS 6.5
How To Install Linux, nginx, MySQL, PHP (LEMP) stack on CentOS 6
Linux上配置Nginx+PHP5(FastCGI)
使用fastcgi_finish_request提高页面响应速度
善用php-fpm的慢执行日志slow log,分析php性能问题
swoole之代码热更新实现